that appear to have been tropical cyclones. Daniel Nelson. Rainfall totals are expected to reach 5 to 8 inches across the islands, with some isolated pockets possibly seeing as much as 12 inches. [43][44] From 1950 through 2021, around 30 hurricanes have passed within 200 nautical miles of the Big Island, Maui, Honolulu or Kauai, according to NOAA's historical hurricane database. Of course, this doesn't mean every single storm will do that in the future. Hurricane expertMichael Lowrysays that dating to 1950, there is a 13 percent increase in the chance of a named storm to track within 100 miles of the Hawaii islands during an El Nio year (35 percent chance) than a neutral year (22 percent chance). This number has ranged from zero, most recently as 1979, to as many as eleven in 1992 and 1994. heavily damaged structures along the south coast. COPYRIGHT 2021 HAWAII OCEAN PROJECT. {.FJ!FFK2IHxyDsSw0IA1?T6],#LP_C%`L }^d"!sQq2OI\t)dO6O6!EgKzPBI{?B$_O |3x!L. Iniki caused almost $2 billion in damage, mainly to Kauai. 1950s near Hawai'i. Although it was only a category 1 storm, it passed just miles west of Kauai, moving at a speed of nearly 50 miles per hour. Of course, an El Nio does not guarantee a hurricane will impact Hawaii.
and
Forecasters expect the tropical storm-force winds of Iselle to begin lashing the Big Island in the late afternoon to early evening local time, with hurricane-force winds following later. for residential construction, for example. Landfalls in these two basins account for about 68% of all global landfalls from 1970 to 2019. According to the NOAA historical hurricane database, from 1950 - 2017, only 14 hurricanes have ever passed within 200 miles of Hawaii. with hurricane intensity, the modern era
Hurricane Estelle (1986) produced very high surf on Hawaii and Maui and floods on Oahu. was one of Hawaii's most damaging hurricanes. Only two named storms approaching from the east have hit the islands since 1949, an unnamed 1958 tropical storm and Tropical Storm Iselle of 2014, which hit the Big Island. sailed through the storm encountering, "black dark, heavy blinding rain,
Hawaii lies in the central Pacific, where about four or five tropical cyclones appear each year, although as many as fifteen have occurred, such as in the 2015 season; rarely do these storms actually affect Hawaii. Rainfall accumulated to 4 inches. November 1982: Hurricane Iwa was one of Hawaii's most damaging hurricanes. Additionally, over 52 inches (1321 mm) of rain fell over 4 days in Kauai. Continue reading with a Scientific American subscription. dark
Factors weakening Hawaii-bound tropical cyclones. One such hurricane formed in an El Nio year: 1992. This includes a few Category 4 eastern Pacific hurricanes that fizzled, such as Felicia (2009),Orlene (1992) and Raymond (1983). This is the reality of a meteorological rule of thumb. Well you can! Despite being greatly weakened, the hurricane brought gusts of over 100 miles per hour (160 km/h). Old movies. August is the peak month, followed by July, then September. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); We use cookies to optimize our website and our service. The key, at least climatologically speaking, is the direction of the storm's approach. Pre1950 On average, about five tropical
however, the tornado dissipated before causing any damage. August 1950: Hurricane Hiki passed north of the islands, bringing gale winds. Hurricane Lane was certainly a close call, the closest we've seen since 1992. Of course, this doesn't mean every single storm will do that in the future. Earlier windstorms that struck Hawaii were not labeled as hurricanes. Dot entered the Central Pacific as a Category 4 hurricane just south of Hawaii. By the way, did you know that you can now save $10/person on our Maui Princess Dinner Cruise or a Snorkel Adventure to the Island of Lanai? Thanks for reading Scientific American. The last one to. * September 2005: The remnants of Hurricane Kenneth brought locally heavy rainfall, with up to 12 inches falling on the Big Island. Hurricanes hit Hawaii less frequently because of where the islands are located in the Pacific Ocean. In the vast Pacific Ocean, Hawaii's total land area is only about 6,400 square miles, the fourth-smallest U.S. state by land area, larger than only Connecticut, Delaware and Rhode Island. Only two tropical storms have hit the islands since 1949--an unnamed 1958 storm which hit the Big Island, and. However, as exemplified by Hurricane Lane, hurricanes, or tropical cyclones, rarely strike the Hawaiian islands directly. was the "Kohala Cyclone" of 1871. 675 Wharf Street, Lahaina, Maui, Hawaii, HI 96761 On Aug. 5, Dot seemed to turn more northwest, aiming it directly at Kauai. The last time a hurricane was bearing down on the Hawaiian Islands, Steven Spielberg was on Kauai finishing filming of the now iconic movie Jurassic Park when Hurricane Iniki hit the island as a Category 4 storm. Like the other residents of Hawaii, meteorologists will have to watch and wait, hopefully stocked with at least three days of food and water for their families and prepared to lose power at least for a while. HELCO Reminds Customers to Prepare for Hurricane Season, Tsunami Evacuation Centers for the Big Island, Hurricane Olivia forecast to enter Hawaiian waters next week, Police warrants list for Friday, November 1, 2019, Civil Defense siren test at 11:45 a.m., Wednesday (April 1). Discover world-changing science. by Dr Jeff Masters, Weather Underground, October 16, 2014 (excerpt). Tracks of hurricanes that have come within 200 nautical miles of Hawaii from 1990-2021. Iniki brought winds of 140 miles per hour. 'Iwa carried a broad reach, producing conditions
Unlike the Atlantic Basin, July is the second most active month (45) in the central Pacific basin. Part of the reason this doesn't happen that often is just geography. A brief summary of the three most significant hurricanes to affect Hawaii in modern times: September 1992: Hurricane Iniki was the strongest, deadliest, and most damaging hurricane to affect Hawaii since records began. It ended up dropping 52 inches of rain, the second highest rainfall total from a tropical cyclone since 1950, behind only Hurricane Harvey's 60 inches on Texas in 2017. The mountainous terrain of the islands amplifies the rain threat and contributes to the threat of ensuingflash floodsand mudslides. * July 1993: Hurricane Eugene dropped valuable rain on the state as it dissipated. Damages from Dot cost no more than a few million dollars, and rainfall was relatively light; around 4 inches. track, demolishing Mr. Wright's mill
Thanks for reading Scientific American. 1970s Iwa was the most damaging hurricane to hit Hawaii until Hurricane Iniki took over the title 10 years later. Both Iniki and 'Iwa struck Hawai'i during ENSO
[1] Extratropical cyclones are also common, causing considerable damage; they are known as Kona storms, but are not included in counts of hurricanes. 1960s Previous. The island of Kauai was especially hard hit by damaging winds. Nina caused about $100,000 damage in Kauai and dropped more than 20 inches of rain in 14 hours. Lahaina Harbor, Loading Dock Main Booth The main thing is that Hawaii is kind of a sweet spot in terms of the weather, Cantin told Climate Central. Damage was in excess of $6 million. How frequent are hurricanes in Hawaii? Only two tropical storms have hit the islands since 1949--an unnamed 1958 storm which hit the Big Island, and Tropical Storm Iselle, which made landfall along the southeast shore of Hawaii's Big Island on August 8, 2014 with 60 mph winds. No further records are available, but extrapolation of its forward movement predicted that it would make landfall on the southern coast of the, August 9, 1871: Indigenous newspapers record a major category 3 hurricane causing significant damage across the islands of, November 1874: In November, a possible tropical cyclone may have dropped over 20 inches (510mm) of rain on, December 190203: A low-pressure system (known later as "The Froc Cyclone") that took a path similar to that of a tropical cyclone, passed through, October 1906: In October a tropical cyclone passed about 60 miles (97km) south of, November 1906: 90 miles (140km) south of Honolulu on November 3, 1906, a tropical cyclone was recognized. When tropical cyclones approach Hawaii, they tend to come from the southeast. It moved across the islands, dropping considerable rainfall and causing about $500,000 of damage, before dissipating. [citation needed], Hawaii's apparent immunity to most hurricanes, Before Hurricane Iniki in 1992, a standard homeowner's, Damage consistent with category 4 winds; rated category 3 due to terrain effects, Last edited on 23 November 2022, at 18:17, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Papahnaumokukea Marine National Monument, List of wettest tropical cyclones to affect Hawaii, Tropical Cyclones During the Years 1900-1952, The 1957 Central Pacific Tropical Cyclone Season, The 1958 Central Pacific Tropical Cyclone Season, The 1959 Central Pacific Tropical Cyclone Season, 1963 Tropical Cyclones in the Central North Pacific, 1966 Tropical Cyclones in the Central North Pacific, The 1970 Central Pacific Tropical Cyclone Season, The 1971 Central Pacific Tropical Cyclone Season, The 1972 Central Pacific Tropical Cyclone Season, The 1976 Central Pacific Tropical Cyclone Season, The 1978 Central Pacific Tropical Cyclone Season, The 1982 Central Pacific Tropical Cyclone Season, The 1983 Central Pacific Tropical Cyclone Season, The 1985 Central Pacific Tropical Cyclone Season, The 1986 Central Pacific Tropical Cyclone Season, The 1988 Central Pacific Tropical Cyclone Season, The 1989 Central Pacific Tropical Cyclone Season, The 1991 Central Pacific Tropical Cyclone Season, The 1992 Central Pacific Tropical Cyclone Season, "Costliest U.S. tropical cyclones tables update", The 1993 Central Pacific Tropical Cyclone Season, The 1994 Central Pacific Tropical Cyclone Season, The 1999 Central Pacific Tropical Cyclone Season, The 2000 Central Pacific Tropical Cyclone Season, The 2003 Central Pacific Tropical Cyclone Season, The 2004 Central Pacific Tropical Cyclone Season, 2005 Tropical Cyclones in the Central North Pacific, "Rescuers find body of Kauai hiker swept away by rushing river", "Remnants of Fernanda to bring humidity, possible thunderstorms", "Hurricane Hector Intermediate Advisory Number 33A", Lane Possibly Breaks Hawaii Tropical Cyclone Rainfall Record, "1 death from Hawaii storm Lane reported on Kauai", "Power Interrupted as Storm Remnants Hit Hawaii's Big Island", "Tropical Storm Erick Advisory Number 24", "NWSChat NOAA's National Weather Service", Atlas of Natural Hazards in the Hawaiian Coastal Zone published by the USGS Page 11, Maui not immune to hurricane strike published by, Video of Hurricane Flossie's breakup upon approach to Hawaii Island, US article: Hurricane Felicia strengthens, heads toward Hawaii, August 09, 2009, Western Regional Climate Center - Historic Wind Measurements, FEMA Definitions for Wind-Borne Debris Region, FEMA Definitions for Hurricane-Prone Region, History of Hurricanes in Hawaii, University of Hawaii, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Hawaii_hurricanes&oldid=1123431237, September 1843: The earliest report of a tropical cyclone that could have affected Hawaii was made in 1843. damage estimated at $250 million. Iniki was the fifth costliest natural
All the islands reported some surf damage along their southwest facing shores, and wind damage was widespread on Kauai. forming in the East Pacific, traveling almost parallel to the Island chain,
If it stays a hurricane, it will be the first to hit the Big Island head-on since records began in 1950, and could even be the first since a possible cyclone hit in 1872, said National Weather . The only two major hurricanes to have affected the islands since 1949, Hurricane Iniki of 1992 and Hurricane Dot of 1959, both came from the south. away from O'ahu and passing directly over Kaua'i near the height of its intensity. This story does not necessarily represent the position of our parent company, IBM. Most of the storm damage was done by these falling trees, including knocking down power lines and blocking roads. El Nio allows warmer water to push farther north into the more typical east to west trek of tropical systems from the eastern Pacific. * August 1970: Tropical Storm Maggie passed just south of the Big Island, dropping nearly 10 inches of rain. Due to a. waters has been available providing a complete catalog of all tropical cyclones
2023 Scientific American, a Division of Springer Nature America, Inc. metal anchors
This article is reproduced with permission fromClimate Central. Nina's closest approach to land, which was relatively far off the coast, was only about 120 miles (190 km) southwest of Kauai. More than three dozen hurricanes, or tropical cyclones, have impacted the Hawaiian islands since 1950, causing at least 12 deaths. Hawaii Hurricane Palm trees being blown by a tropical rain storm. building and a large portion of the thatched houses in the district; throwing
Dot swung northward after apparently forming in the East Pacific, traveling almost parallel to the Island chain, before passing directly over Kaua'i on the night of August 6. This makes strong hurricanes close to Hawaii an unusual occurrence. Historical Hurricane Tracks Let's find a hurricane you're interested in. Damage was in excess of $6 million. The most recent was Hurricane Iniki in 1992, which devastated Kauai, caused $1.8 billion in damages and killed six people. Rain was heavier elsewhere, with up to 8 inches falling near the North Shore. major agricultural damage, particularly to macadamia orchards. It's quite rare to have two storms right behind each other . As noted in Chapter 6, environmental conditions in the Hawai'i region offer some protection from powerful storms. Most dangerous hurricanes come from the south. Both hit the island of Kauai. Seeing whales on a whale watch tour is awesome. It's been more than two decades since the last hurricane hit the 50th state. * September 1843: The earliest report of a tropical cyclone that could have affected Hawaii was made in 1843. August 1950: Hurricane Hiki passed north of the islands, bringing gale winds. (MORE:Fewer Atlantic Hurricanes Expected This Season). Two people on Oahu drowned in rough surf. Most tropical cyclones that reach the 50th state arrive from the east or south, but on occasion, they arrive from the southwest. Nina set a record for the highest wind gust ever recorded in Honolulu: 82 miles per hour. Iwa killed one person and did $250 million in damage, making it the second most damaging hurricane to ever hit Hawaii. * JulyAugust 1983: Hurricane Gil passed over northern Hawaii as a tropical storm, causing minor damage. * August 1958: On Aug. 7, a tropical storm seemed to rapidly appear directly off the coast of Hilo. The storm dissipated near British Columbia. Quick Links Last Year's Storms All Storms USA Major Storms of the Last Decade Category 3-5 USA 2010-2019 Strongest North Atlantic Hurricanes Category 5 All-time Hurricane Katrina 2005 Impact Storm The warmer water also allows for more tropical system formationcloser to Hawaii and across the eastern Pacific. All rights reserved. I think were prepared as best we can be, Cantin said. 2010s LIVE For live storm tracks, please visit the National Hurricane Center. The most common months for cyclones in this area are July, August, and September, but they have occurred in most months (see below). One died from Hiki. Sea-surface temperatures are typically warmer the further south you get in the northern Pacific, which means a tropical cyclone moving toward Hawaii from the south would have a better chance of surviving to the islands. The frequency of tropical storms
Damage is unrecorded. Hurricane Iwa's Economic Impact on Hawaii (January 1983); "The History of Hurricanes in Hawaii", Honolulu Star-Bulletin, July 18, 1983, p. $3 billion. The remnants of Kanoa brought welcomed rain.
On the 6th, Dot began weakening and at its landfall in Kauai, Dot was only category one. In the vast Pacific Ocean, Hawaii's total land area is only about 6,400 square miles, the fourth smallest U.S. state by land area, larger than only Connecticut, Delaware and Rhode Island. The storm was weakening as it neared the Islands, with maximum
This is because water currents bring cooler water from Alaska, down the eastern Pacific Ocean alongthe U.S. West Coast and into the central Pacific. Although it was only a Category 1 storm, it passed just miles west of Kauai, moving at a speed of nearly 50 miles per hour (80 km/h). As pointed out by University of North Carolina - Charlotte graduate student Eric Webb, there was a case of a major hurricane punching through the Big Island and Maui in August 1871, as a January 2018 study uncovered. Tracks of hurricanes that have come within 200 nautical miles of the Big Island, Maui, Honolulu, and Kauai from 1950 through 2017. El Nio allows warmer water to push farther north into the more typical east to west trek of tropical systems from the eastern Pacific. Any south or southwest wind aloft would steer a hurricane toward the island chain. Most years, the water is too coolfor most tropical systems to arrive from the due east. The dissipation of storms is even more evident in a closer view map (from Wikipedia) of the Central North Pacific zone. Six died as a result. In fact, hurricane expert Michael Lowry told the Weather Channel there is a 35% chance of a hurricane coming within 100 miles of Hawaii in an El Nio year vs. 22% in a non-El Nio year. What that high does is it tends to deflect storms away from the islands, Cantin said. Heres a look at the hurricanes that left behind a mess in Hawaii since the 1950s. Seeing dolphins! Hurricane Dot (1959) caused damage to Kauai. (MORE:4 Summer Weather Dangers To Watch Out For). * July 2013: Tropical Storm Flossie passed through the central Hawaiian islands as a minimal tropical storm. August 1959: Hurricane Dot was another powerful August arrival. * January 1971: Although not having existed in the Central Pacific as a tropical cyclone, the extratropical low that was Tropical Storm Sarah in the West Pacific passed over Hawaii in mid January, causing high winds and heavy rain. Virtually every system approaching Hawaii from the east since 1950 tracking at least as far north as the latitude of the Big Island of Hawaii eventually weakened to a tropical storm or depression by the time it reached the islands. wrote: 'On Wednesday of last week a fearful
* August 1988: Hurricane Uleki approached the state. One fisherman was reported missing. 2000s In El Nio years, this idea changes some. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. On Aug. 6, Dot began weakening, and at its landfall in Kauai, Dot was only a Category 1 hurricane. 1920s. Damages from Dot cost no more than a few million dollars, and rainfall was relatively light; around 4 inches (100 mm). On average, between four and five tropical cyclones are observed in the Central Pacific every year. Only two named storms approaching from the east have hit the islands since 1949, an unnamed 1958 tropical storm and Tropical Storm Iselle of 2014, which hit the Big Island. [1] Extratropical cyclones are also common, causing considerable damage; they are known as Kona storms, but are not included in counts of hurricanes. Hawaii typically records four or five hurricanes each year, although as many as 11 have occurred, including during the 1992 and 1994 seasons. The storm supposedly tracked northward, passing through the. Most dangerous hurricanes come from the south. List of Hawaii hurricanes; 2012 Hawaii hailstorm; References This page was last edited on 26 June 2022, at . From 1950 to 2017, only 14 hurricanes have passed within 200 nautical miles of the Big Island, Maui, Honolulu or Kaui, according . During the winter and spring, Hawaii's waters average 77 degrees. so extensive, it caused an insurance crisis in Hawai'i, prompting the State
The last time Hawaii was hit with a tropical storm. "[42] This has also drawn media attention. A bright starlight sky overhead gave enough light to see the mountains,
Prior to that only two other hurricanes had reached landfall in Hawaii. section of the storm, sweeping the island with 80 mph winds and causing
Dot brought sustained winds of 81 mph with gusts to 103 mph to Kilauea Light. Andrea Thompson, an associate editor at Scientific American, covers sustainability. This includes a few Category 4 eastern Pacific hurricanes that fizzled, such as Felicia (2009),Orlene (1992) and Raymond (1983). It remains the second costliest East/Central Pacific hurricane on record, only behind Hurricane Paul in 1982. No further records are available, but extrapolation of its forward movement predicted that it would make landfall on the southern coast of the Big Island. The technical storage or access is strictly necessary for the legitimate purpose of enabling the use of a specific service explicitly requested by the subscriber or user, or for the sole purpose of carrying out the transmission of a communication over an electronic communications network. It's this high-pressure zone that keeps Hawaii's weather fairly consistent throughout the year. Knowledge awaits. The depression then crossed over into the central Pacific Ocean basin to the west of 140W longitude where it became a tropical storm and eventually a powerful hurricane. Nina caused about $100,000 damage in Kauai and dropped over 20 inches (510 mm) of rain in 14 hours. Miraculously, only six deaths were
* August 2003: Hurricane Jimena brought up to 10 inches of rain as it passed the Big Island. About two-thirds of those systems drift westfrom the eastern Pacific basin. hurricane force wind, (and) sea increasing " before entering the eye
Despite being greatly weakened, the hurricane brought gusts in excess of 100 miles per hour. * October 1983: Hurricane Raymond took a path similar to Gils, but as a depression, causing no damage. widespread
Dr.Knabb, also a former deputy director at NOAA's Central Pacific Hurricane Center in Honolulu, points out thatthere is no meteorological reason why the core of a major hurricane can't directly hit Honolulu, resulting in destructive storm surge flooding, wind damage, and rainfall flooding affecting a metro population (minus tourists) of just under 400,000. Over land, maximum sustained winds exceeded 140 mph, gusting to 175 mph,
The storm remained powerful enough, however, to bring torrential rains, damaging surf and strong winds that destroyed crops, including over 1/2 of the state's papaya crop, and knocked down thousands of trees, particularly invasive albizia trees in the Puna District. Minor power outages and rain made traffic conditions hazardous. waters
A sidewalk is ripped up and littered with downed palm trees after Hurricane Iniki slammed the island of Kauai, Hawaii in September, 1992. In some areas of the island, palm trees snapped in half, suggesting winds were locally more than 125 mph. (MORE:Southern California Water Temperatures About as Warm as They Get). * August 2008: The remnants of Hurricane Hernan brought moisture to the Big Island, causing cloud and shower activity. 68 mph (109 km/h) winds were recorded in Kauai. Several large waterspouts were sighted off Hapuna Beach in South Kohala. How consistent is the temperature in Lahaina? It hit the island of Kauai as a Category 4 on September 11, killing six and causing $2 billion in damage. one of the most severe ENSO years on record. Also, a hurricane simply rounding the southwest side of a less expansive eastern Pacific Ocean subtropical high would put Hawaii in the crosshairs. BROWSE BY TOPIC. It hit Kauai as a Category 4 on Sept. 11. of rain which raised the streams to an unprecedented height and swept away
Over 1400 homes were destroyed
Surf reached 10 feet along the Puna and Kau shorelines. One such hurricane formed in an El Nio year: 1992. Reservations Hotline: 877-500-6284 Local Reservations: 808-667-6165. In El Nio years, this idea changes some. If it stays a hurricane, it will be the first to hit the Big Island head-on since records began in 1950, and could even be the first since a possible cyclone hit in 1872, saidNational Weather Servicemeteorologist Michael Cantin. Also, a hurricane simply rounding the southwest side of a less expansive eastern Pacific Ocean subtropical high would put Hawaii in the crosshairs. [4] to the north, and towering ghostly white clouds nearby to the west". I don't think that has happened before, Brian McNoldy, a hurricane researcher at the University of Miami, said in an email. This is because water currents bring cooler water from Alaska, down the eastern Pacific Ocean alongthe U.S. West Coast and into the central Pacific. [48], Wind data in particular supports the USGS assertion that hurricane damage has been low on all islands except for Kauai. Tropical Storm Iselle made a direct hit on August 8, Hurricane Julio passed just to the north of the islands a few days later, bringing high surf, and now Hurricane Ana threatens to cause more trouble. No Dot-related deaths were recorded. There are several reasons why this happens so often. The storm weakened as it moved
Drier, more stable air from the subtropical high to the northeast of Hawaii eventually inhibits thunderstorms from persisting and remaining clustered near the cyclone's center. Only light rain was reported. "Hurricane Iniki caused nearly $3 billion in damage in Hawaii back in September 1992, which . Hurricane Dot arrived in 1959 and an unnamed storm occurred in 1871. The last time Hawaii was hit with a tropical storm or hurricane was in 1992, when Hurricane Iniki killed six people and destroyed more than 1,400 homes in Kauai, said Eric Lau, meteorologist for . "Hurricane Iniki caused nearly $3 billion in damage in Hawaii back in September 1992, which would . Storm activity was expected to be normal or a . Hawaii has been, and will be in the future, hit by hurricanes. * July 1957: Hurricane Kanoa, after taking a long journey across the eastern Pacific, became a non-tropical circulation a few miles east of Hawaii. At least 29 people have died in Hawaii as a result of tropical cyclones since 1949. Now 22 years later not one, but an unprecedented two hurricanes are making a beeline for the island chain and residents are preparing for a threat they rarely face. 1990s The state ranks as the 48th most active in terms of touch downs, with 40 confirmed tornadoes since 1950. . When tropical cyclones approach Hawaii, they tend to come from the southeast. 1800s. No records of unusual weather were recorded, so the storm was likely still forming as it crossed Hawaii. A Hawaiian hurricane is a tropical cyclone that forms in the Pacific Ocean and affects the Hawaiian Islands. On average, between four and five tropical cyclones are observed in the Central Pacific every year. The world's coral reefs are dying. Just use the promocode VIP20 after clicking on this link:Hawaii Ocean Project Adventures. These conditions tend to weaken, deflect, or dissipate approaching storms. Read more about this topic: List Of Hawaii Hurricanes, List of Tropical Cyclones. Tracks of all tropical cyclones (tropical depressions, tropical storms, and hurricanes) to pass within 100 miles of the Hawaiian Islands, 1949 - 2014.
What Is The Krabby Patty Secret Ingredient,
Articles H